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• The Snow-Increase Website (HOME)
• About the Website
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• Advisories and Warnings
• Climate Patterns
• Discussion - Snow Potential
• Discussion - Snow Season Outlook
• Discussion - Snow Season Summary
• Duluth Local Influences
• Lake Enhancement
• Orographic Lift
• Snow vs Rain due to Orographic Lift
• Frictional Convergence
• Directional Convergence Forced by the Terrain
• Convergence at the Head of Lake Superior
• Thermal Convergence over the Lake
• Convergence with a North Wind
• Orographic Feeder Clouds
• Isentropic Lift
• Best Ice Crystals
• Dry Winds Into the Head of Lake Superior
• Adiabatic Compression
• Warm Lake Temperatures
• Ice Storms at the Head of Lake Superior
• Mountain Waves / Standing Waves
• Precipitation Shadow Northwest of Duluth
• Colder by the Lake in the Winter
• Consideration: Melting Induced Vertical Circulation Near Lake Shore
• Favorite Storms
• More Storms For Duluth, MN
• National Weather Service Winter Storm Event Summaries
• Climate Journal of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
• January 3 to 5, 2023 - Heavy Snow with Tight Gradient, Duluth, MN and Superior, WI
• December 13 to 17, 2022 - Thundersnow, Blizzard, and Heavy Snow, Duluth, MN
• November 14 to 16, 2022 - Lake Enhanced and Mesolow Enhanced Snow, Duluth and Lake Superior North Shore, MN
• February 21 to 23, 2022 - Snow with Strong Lake Enhancement Duluth, MN and Superior, WI
• March 10 to 11, 2021 - Heavy Snow with Wind Gusting Over 50 mph, Duluth, MN
• March 28 to 29, 2020 - Thunder-Slush, Duluth, MN
• November 30 to December 1, 2019 - Blizzard with Relentless Heavy Snow, Duluth, MN
• May 19, 2019 - Late Season Snow, Duluth, MN
• May 8 to 9, 2019 - Thunder with Heavy, Wet Snow, Duluth, MN
• December 26 to 28, 2018 - Heavy, Wet Snow, Duluth, MN
• April 13 to 16, 2018 - Orographic and Lake Enhanced Snow, Duluth, MN (and Much of MN and WI)
• October 26 to 27, 2017 - Heavy Wet Early Season Snow, Duluth, MN
• March 12 to 13, 2017 - Burst of Heavy Lake Effect Snow, Twin Ports, MN and WI
• February 20 to 21, 2014 - Heavy Snow with Thunder, Duluth, MN
• December 2 to 5, 2013 - Orographically Enhanced and Lake Enhanced Snowstorm, Duluth, MN
• April, 2013 - Snowiest Month On Record for Duluth, MN
• April 22 to 23, 2013 - Intense Frontogenetically Enhanced Snow, Duluth, MN
• April 17 to 19, 2013 - Major April Snowstorm, Duluth, MN
• April 11 to 13, 2013 - Heavy Snow and Thundersnow, Duluth, MN
• March 2 to 4, 2012 - Lake Effect / Lake Vortex Enhanced Snow, Duluth, MN
• November 13, 2010 - Thundersnow, Duluth, MN
• January 23 to 26, 2010 - Standing Wave Enhanced Snowstorm, Duluth, MN
• December 24 to 26, 2009 - Orographic Blizzard, Duluth, MN
• April 10 to 12, 2008 - Blizzard with Cloud-to-ground Lightning, Duluth, MN
• April 5, 2008 - Snow with Cloud-to-ground Lightning, Duluth, MN
• December 4, 2007 - Heavy Lake Effect Snow, Duluth, MN
• April 3 to 4, 2007 - Heavy Snow, Duluth, MN
• March 1 to 2, 2007 - Thunderblizzard, Duluth, MN
• February 23 to 27, 2007 - Blizzard and Prolonged Snow Event, Duluth, MN
• February 24, 2006 - Fluffy Snowstorm Enhanced by Strong Band of Lake Effect Snow, Duluth, MN
• December 14 to 15, 2005 - Strongly Terrain Enhanced Snowstorm, Duluth, MN
• January 1, 2005 - New Years Day Fireworks!, Duluth, MN
• January 25 to 27, 2004 - Long Duration Lake Enhanced Snowstorm, Duluth, MN
• Favorite Storms Other Locations
• February 3 to 12, 2019 - Successive Snowstorms, Seattle, WA and the Puget Sound
• December 8 to 10, 2018 - Heavy Snow, Northwest Piedmont, Foothills, and Mountains of North Carolina
• January 10 to 11, 2017 - Thundersnow, Portland, OR
• October 22, 1996 - Record Early Season Snowstorm with Thunder, Topeka, KS
• Favorite Personal Weather Observations
• Forecast Models and Weather Observations
• How Much Accumulation?
• Images of Weather Features on Radar
• Mesolow, November 16, 2022
• The Dreaded Dry Pocket, January 5, 2022
• Doughnut Hole, March 24, 2021
• Heavy Lake Effect Snow, March 13, 2017
• Orographic Enhancement of Snow, December 3, 2013
• Intense Band of Snow, April 22, 2013
• Standing Wave Snow, January 25, 2010
• Wave-like Snow Configuration, December 24, 2009
• Lake Effect Snow, December 4, 2007
• Informal Case Studies
• A Rare Standing Atmospheric Wave Snow Event in Duluth, MN, January 25, 2010
• The High Snow to liquid Ratio Storm of December 23, 2000 in Green Bay, WI
• Measuring Snow
• Numerical Weather Prediction – A Few Basics
• Microclimates / Mesoclimates
• Reading List
• Snow and Convection
• Snow Impacts on Society
• Weather Definitions
• Winter Profiles
• Anchorage, AK
• Asheville, NC
• Duluth, MN
• Winston-Salem, NC
• December 08 to 10, 2018 - Heavy Snow Northwest Piedmont, Foothills, and Mountains of North Carolina
• Winter Weather Processes
• Appalachian Cold Air Damming
• Cold Air Damming, Orographic lifting, and Precipitation Type in the Southern Appalachian Mountains
• Northwest Upslope Snow in the Appalachian Mountains
• Puget Sound Cold Air Outbreaks
• Snow Enhancement from the Puget Sound Convergence Zone
• Puget Sound Overrunning
• February 03 to 12, 2019 - Successive Snowstorms, Seattle, WA and the Puget Sound
• Cold Air to Support Snow and Ice in Portland, OR and Vancouver, WA
• Dynamic Cooling of the Atmosphere
• Effective Terrain
• Freezing Rain with Vertical Temperature Profile Completely Below Freezing
• Snow at 40 Degrees
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• About the Website Author