Reading List
The research and education articles on this list apply to the subjects discussed on the website and many of the articles are cited as references.
Anchorage Alaska Snowstorms
The St. Patricks Day Snowstorm, 2002, Anchorage, Alaska - Joel Curtis, John Papineau, Carven Scott, Weather Forecast Office, Anchorage, Alaska; Kent Johnson, Meteorological Service of CanadaClimate Patterns
Smith, S. R., and J. J. O'Brien, 2001: Regional Snowfall Distributions Associated with ENSO: Implications for Seasonal Forecasting. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 1179-1191.Jillien, M. P., S. R. Smith, and J. J. O'Brien, 2003: Impacts of ENSO on Snowfall Frequencies in the United States. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 965-980.
What is the Polar Vortex and How Does It Influence Weather? - Darryn W. Waugh, Adam H. Sobel, and Lorenzo M. Polvani
Cold Air Damming Along the Appalachian Mountains
Cold Air Damming discussion from "theweatherprediction.com" website - Article written by Robert Meyer; website created by Jeff HabyThe Challenge of Forecasting Winter Precipitation Type in the Appalachian Region - Steve Keighton, Science and Operations Officer, National Weather Service, Blacksburg, VA
Cold Air Damming in the Appalachian Mountains - Alec S. Bogdanoff, Department of Meteorology, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
A Comprehensive Climatology of Appalachian Cold Air Damming - Christopher M. Bailey and Gary M. Lackmann, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; Gail Hartfield and Kermit Keeter, National Weather Service, Raleigh, NC
Mountain Waves
Brady, R. H. and J. S. Waldstreicher, 2001: Observations of Mountain Wave-Induced Precipitation Shadows over Northeast Pennsylvania, Wea. Forecasting, 16, 281-300.Smith, R. B., 1979: The influence of mountains on the atmosphere. B. Saltzman, Ed., Adv. Geophys., 21, 87-230. [ Specifically note pages 88 and 89. ]
Kirkwood, P. D., D. M. Gaffin, and S. S. Parker, 2002: An Unexpectedly Heavy and Complex Snowfall Event across the Southern Appalachian Region. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 224-235.
Northwest Upslope Flow Snowfall in the Appalachian Mountains
An Overview of Northwest Flow Snow in Western North Carolina - National Weather Service, Greenville-Spartanburg, SCNorthwest Flow Snow in the Southern Appalachians - National Weather Service, Greenville-Spartanburg, SC
Snow Accumulations from Northwest Upslope Flow - Steve Keighton, Science and Operations Officer, Blacksburg, VA
The Influence of the Great Lakes on Northwest Snowfall in the Southern Appalachians - Robbie* Munroe and Doug K. Miller, University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC; B. Holloway and Lackmann, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
Perry, B. and C. E. Konrad, 2004: Northwest Flow Snowfall in the Southern Appalachians: Spatial and Synoptic Patterns. Preprints, 61st. Eastern Snow Conference, Portland ME, 179-189.
Precipitation Type
On the Characteristics of and Processes Producing Winter Precipitation Types Near 0oC - Ronald E. Stewart, Julie M. Theriault, and William HensonPuget Sound Convergence Zone
William, M. W., R. L. Doherty, and B. R. Colman, 1993: A Methodology for Predicting the Puget Sound Convergence Zone and Its Associated Weather, Wea Forecasting, 8, 214-222.Garth, K. F., C. F. Mass, G. M. Lackmann, and M. W. Patnoe, 1993: Snowstorms over the Puget Sound Lowlands, Wea. Forecasting, 8, 481-504.
Clifford M., 1981: Topographically Forced Convergence in Western Washington State, Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1335-1347.
Puget Sound Overrrunning
Garth, K. F., C. F. Mass, G. M. Lackmann, and M. W. Patnoe, 1993: Snowstorms over the Puget Sound Lowlands, Wea. Forecasting, 8, 481-504.Heavy Snow and Convective Snow
Market, P. S., C. E. Halcomb, and R. L. Ebert, 2002: A Climatology of Thundersnow Events over the Contiguous United States. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 1290�1295.Market, P. S., A. M. Oravetz, D. Gaede, E. Bookbinder, B. Pettegrew, and R. Thomas, 2004: Proximity sounding composites of Midwestern thundersnow events. 20th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Seattle, WA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., p4.2.
Morales,R. F., 2008: The Historic Christmas 2004 South Texas Snow Event: Diagnosis of the Heavy Snow Band. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 2, 135-152.
Snowfall Forecasting Techniques
Morrison, A. L., 1989: A Method to Determine the Width of a Snow Band Associated with Winter Storms by Using Infrared Satellite Date. Postprints, 2nd Nat. Winter Weather Workshop, Raleigh, NC, 65-73.Snow Impacts On Society
Call, D. A., 2005: Rethinking snowstorms as snow events: A regional case study from Upstate New York. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 37-51.Kocin, P. J., and L. W. Uccellini, 2004b: A snowfall impact scale derived from Northeast storm snowfall distributions. Bull. Amer. meteor. Soc., 85, 177-194.
Snow-to-liquid Ratio
Baxter, M. A., C. E. Graves, and J. T. Moore, Oct. 2005: A Climatology of Snow-to-liquid Ratio for the Contiguous United States, Wea. Forecasting, 20, 729-744.Doesken, N. J., A. Judson, 1997: The Snow Booklet: A Guide to the Sciences, Climatology, and Measurement of Snow in the United States. 2d ed. Colorado State University Department of Atmospheric Science, 86 pp.
Goodison, B. E., 1978: Accuracy of Canadian snow gauge measurements, J. Appl. Meteorol., 27, 1542-1548.